Porifera is a phylum of aquatic animals commonly known as sponges. They are among the simplest groups of living animals, but their biology is more complex than their appearance suggests. Sponges have specialized cells, organized water-flow systems, skeletal...
Triassic Period was the first period of the Mesozoic Era and a time of major recovery and evolutionary change after the devastating end-Permian mass extinction. During this period, ecosystems were rebuilt, Pangaea remained the dominant supercontinent, and many...
A geological hammer is one of the most recognizable tools in field geology. Whether you’re a geology student heading out for your first field class, a professional geologist collecting rock samples, or someone interested in minerals and fossils, the right hammer...
Cyanobacteria are ancient photosynthetic bacteria that have played a major role in Earth’s biological and geological history. They can capture sunlight, use carbon dioxide to build organic matter, and many species release oxygen as a product of photosynthesis....
Domain Archaea is one of the three major domains of life and includes microscopic organisms with distinctive cell structures, membranes, genes, and metabolic pathways. Although Archaea are often associated with extreme environments such as hot springs and salt lakes,...
The Mesozoic Era was a long period of geological and biological change that shaped many of the ecosystems known from the fossil record. It included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods and witnessed major changes in Earth’s landscapes, oceans, climate,...
