Overview of Chemical Equilibrium

Overview of Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical Equilibrium: When the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant. This stage is called chemical equilibrium. Characteristics of Chemical Equilibrium: Constancy of concentration Can...
The laws of thermodynamics

The laws of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics focuses on the interactions between heat, work, and temperature, exploring how these elements connect to energy, entropy, and the physical characteristics of matter and radiation. These interactions are defined by three fundamental laws of...
Exploring Silicates: The Backbone of Earth’s Crust

Exploring Silicates: The Backbone of Earth’s Crust

Silicates: Silicates are compounds containing silicon as an anion. The most common silicates are oxides, but hexafluoro silicates and other anions are also included. Silicate minerals contain (SiO4)4- in their structure. Silicates form the largest class of mineral...
Crystal Twinning

Crystal Twinning

Crystal twinning is the symmetrical intergrowth of two or more crystals, related by a symmetry operation known as a twin element. Twin elements can include mirror planes, rotation axes (typically two-fold), and rotation inversion, which are distinct from the natural...
Crystal Symmetry

Crystal Symmetry

Crystal symmetry refers to the regular arrangement of faces, edges, and other structural features in a crystal. This regularity constitutes the crystal’s symmetry. The degree of symmetry varies in different minerals and is employed in the classification of...